Buffer solution

Acids and bases

Acid dissociation constant Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water
Acid types
Brønsted · Lewis · Mineral Organic · Strong Superacids · Weak
Base types
Brønsted · Lewis · Organic Strong · Superbases Non-nucleophilic · Weak

For an individual weak acid or weak base component, see Buffering agent. For uses not related to acid-base chemistry, see Buffer (disambiguation).

A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms thrive only in a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

1 Acid dissociation constant
2 Buffer capacity
3 Applications
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Acid dissociation constant

The acid dissociation constant for a weak acid, HA, is defined as

$K\mathrm{_a = \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]}}$

Simple manipulation with logarithms gives the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which describes pH in terms of pK_a

$\mbox{pH=p}K\mathrm{_a+\log_{10}\frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}}.$

In this equation [A⁻] is the concentration of the conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the acid. It follows that when the concentrations of acid and conjugate base are equal, often described as half-neutralization, pH=pK_a. In general, the pH of a buffer solution may be easily calculated, knowing the composition of the mixture, by means of an ICE table.

The calculated pH may be different from measured pH. Glass electrodes found in common pH meters respond not to the concentration of hydrogen ions ([H⁺]), but to their activity, which depends on several factors, primarily on the ionic strength of the media. For example, calculation of pH of phosphate-buffered saline would give the value of 7.96, whereas the actual pH is 7.4.

The same considerations apply to a mixture of a weak base, B and its conjugate acid BH⁺.

B + H₂O

BH⁺ + OH^-.

The pK_a value to be used is that of the acid conjugate to the base.

In general a buffer solution may be made up of more than one weak acid and its conjugate base; if the individual buffer regions overlap a wider buffer region is created by mixing the two buffering agents.

Buffer capacity

Buffer capacity for pK_a=7 as percentage of maximum

Buffer capacity is a quantitative measure of the resistance of a buffer solution to pH change on addition of hydroxide ions. It can be defined as follows.

buffer capacity = $\mathrm{\frac{dn}{d(pH)}}$

where dn is an infinitesimal amount of added base and d(pH) is the resulting infinitesimal change in pH. With this definition the buffer capacity can be expressed as^[1]

$\mathrm{\frac{dn}{d(pH)}=2.303 \left(\frac{\mathit{K}_w}{[H^+]}+[H^+]+\frac{C_A \mathit{K}_a[H^+]}{\left(\mathit{K}_a+[H^+]\right)^2} \right)},$

where K_w is the self-ionization constant of water and C_A is the analytical concentration of the acid, equal to [HA]+[A^-]. The term K_w/[H⁺] becomes significant at pH greater than about 11.5 and the second term becomes significant at pH less than about 2. Both these terms are properities of water and are independent of the weak acid. Considering the third term, it follows that

Buffer capacity of a weak acid reaches its maximum value when pH = pK_a
At pH = pK_a ± 1 the buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value. This is the approximate range within which buffering by a weak acid is effective. Note: at pH = pK_a - 1, The Henderson-Hasselbach equation shows that the ratio [HA]:[A^-] is 10:1.
Buffer capacity is directly proportional to the analytical concentration of the acid.

Applications

Their resistance to changes in pH makes buffer solutions very useful for chemical manufacturing and essential for many biochemical processes. The ideal buffer for a particular pH has a pK_a equal to that pH, since such a solution has maximum buffer capacity.

Buffer solutions are necessary to keep the correct pH for enzymes in many organisms to work. Many enzymes work only under very precise conditions; if the pH strays too far out of the margin, the enzymes slow or stop working and can denature, thus permanently disabling their catalytic activity.^[2] A buffer of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) is present in blood plasma, to maintain a pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Industrially, buffer solutions are used in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics. They are also used in chemical analysis^[1] and calibration of pH meters.

The majority of biological samples that are used in research are made in buffers, especially phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4.

Useful buffer mixtures

Components	pH range
HCl, Sodium citrate	1 - 5
Citric acid, Sodium citrate	2.5 - 5.6
Acetic acid, Sodium acetate	3.7 - 5.6
K₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄	5.8 - 8 ^[3]
Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄	6 - 7.5 ^[4]
Borax, Sodium hydroxide	9.2 - 11

"Universal" buffer mixtures

By combining substances with pK_a values differing by only two or less and adjusting the pH a wide-range of buffers can be obtained. Citric acid is a useful component of a buffer mixture because it has three pK_a values, separated by less than two. The buffer range can be extended by adding other buffering agents. The following two-component mixtures (McIlvaine's buffer solutions^[5]) have a buffer range of pH 3 to 8.

0.2M Na₂HPO₄ /mL	0.1M Citric Acid /mL	pH...
20.55	79.45	3.0
38.55	61.45	4.0
51.50	48.50	5.0
63.15	36.85	6.0
82.35	17.65	7.0
97.25	2.75	8.0

A mixture containing citric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, boric acid, and diethyl barbituric acid can be made to cover the pH range 2.6 to 12.^[6]

Other universal buffers are Carmody buffer and Britton-Robinson buffer, developed in 1931.

Common buffer compounds used in biology

Common Name	pK_a at 25°C	Buffer Range	Temp Effect dpH/dT in (1/K) **	Mol. Weight	Full Compound Name
TAPS	8.43	7.7–9.1	−0.018	243.3	3-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}propanesulfonic acid
Bicine	8.35	7.6–9.0	−0.018	163.2	N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine
Tris	8.06	7.5–9.0	−0.028	121.14	tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
Tricine	8.05	7.4–8.8	−0.021	179.2	N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine
HEPES	7.55	6.8–8.2	−0.014	238.3	4-2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
TES	7.40	6.8–8.2	−0.020	229.20	2-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid
MOPS	7.20	6.5–7.9	−0.015	209.3	3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
PIPES	6.76	6.1–7.5	−0.008	302.4	piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)
Cacodylate	6.27	5.0–7.4		138.0	dimethylarsinic acid
SSC	7.0	6.5-7.5		189.1	saline sodium citrate
MES	6.15	5.5–6.7	−0.011	195.2	2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid

** Values are approximate. ^[7]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Hulanicki, A. (1987). Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry. Horwood. ISBN 0853123306. (translation editor: Mary R. Masson)
↑ Scorpio, R. (2000). Fundamentals of Acids, Bases, Buffers & Their Application to Biochemical Systems. ISBN 0787273740.
↑ http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/soilmicro/methods/phosphate%20buffer.pdf
↑ http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/~lazo/methods/lazo/phosphat.html
↑ McIlvaine, T. C. (1921). A buffer solution for colorimetric comparaison. J. Biol. Chem. 49: 183-186. http://www.jbc.org/content/49/1/183.full.pdf
↑ Medham, J.; Denny, R.C.; Barnes, J.D.; Thomas, M (2000). Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (5th. Ed. ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 0 582 22628 7. Appendix 5
↑ "Buffer Reference Center". Sigma-Aldrich. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/core-bioreagents/biological-buffers/learning-center/buffer-reference-center.html. Retrieved 2009-04-17.